week 3. What is globalization? DongHyun, Kang.

1. Summary:
Globalization could be considered as two side, general and specific. It is general because it almost inevitably covers a number of disciplinary standpoints as well as worldviews to be found in different parts of the world. It is specific as part of globalization: global governance, global citizenship, human rights, migration and creation of diasporas, transnational connections of various kinds and so on.

In systematic way of analyzing globalization, we attempt in what follows to supply as coherent a statement as is possible in full recognition of the disputed nature of the concept. Some of the disputes arise from differences in perspective across the world. Velho said that the study of globalization is marked by the great mingling of disciplinary orientations, and the resultant debate has been and still is being conducted on a site of major disciplinary mutations, such that it may well be called a transdisciplinary development.

As the parameters of the general process of globalization, there are two parameters, consciousness and connectivity. It is here maintained that increasing global consciousness runs in complex ways, hand in hand, so to speak, with increasing connectivity. Huntington predicted that, with the assumed end of the Cold War, centred as it was upon the conflict between the United States and (former) USSR, the major world conflicts from there on would not be ideologically based, but rather focused more on civilizational issues. It must, however, be emphasized that the growing perception of an Islamic threat to the West (in particular to the United States) had been evident since the Iranian Revolution of 1979. The drama of the conflict between the West and mainly Middle Eastern Islam lay relatively dormant between the Iranian Revolution, which brought into power an aggressive theocracy in Iran, and the first attack on the World Trade Center in 1993. For much of the 1990s and indeed up to the present time, there has been considerable talk of the ‘real’ clash or conflict, having to do more with scarce resources, in particular oil, and more recently, water. It was in this way that it was possible for many to think of increasing connectivity as well as global consciousness as being either economic-materialistic or about policies and ideologies surrounding access to such resources. To be sure, it would be extremely foolish to deny the significance of the material resource aspects of recent international conflicts or to neglect the great salience of military and strategic considerations.

In the dimensions of globalization, there are the economic, the political and the cultural. The central thrust of this brief comment on the relationship between economic and cultural factors is that, somewhat paradoxically, the expansion of capitalism around the world has of seeming necessity involved the elevation of the cultural themes. This well illustrates the complexity of thinking in multidimensional terms yet at the same time brings sharply into focus the poverty of thinking in unidimensional terms. In other words, many sociologists, speaking as prominent participants in (some would even say, the initiators of) the debate about globalization, have more often than not overlooked the very important social aspects of this general theme.

As the form of globalization, Immanuel Wallerstei said that the world could have become singular through the activities of an ideologically based, vanguard organization, such as the Soviet Communist Party, or through the expansion of German Fascism. The most important consideration at the present time is that, in the 1970s and subsequently, Wallerstein has ruled out the argument that the modern world could be systematized and co-ordinated along imperial lines. From Wallerstein’s point of view, the present world-system – or what some other writers have called world society, the global ecumene, global society and so on – has been produced primarily by the expansion of capitalism over the past fi ve or six hundred years. In so far as we have rejected the unidimensional, economic approach to globalization (a term which we have already emphasized, but Wallerstein and his numerous followers have largely rejected or considered as only a particular phase of capitalistic expansion), we are constrained to think of the overall process of globalization in a more multifaceted way.

Globalization must be considered as many dimensions. First, and most obviously, there is what can, for simplicity’s sake, be called the international-systemic aspect. Second, there is the aspect which covers the most general feature of global-human life, namely the concept of humanity. Third, there is another component which we have called (the totality of) individual selves. Finally, there is the principal ‘container’ of human beings for many centuries, namely the nation-state. It should be hastily emphasized that this societal reliance upon the individual is a phenomenon that can all too easily be transformed into a manipulation of the individual and her/his identity. In fact, the growth in the manipulation of individual identities by the state is all too apparent in much of the Western world.

Characterize globalization:
First, globalization consists primarily of two major directional tendencies, increasing global connectivity and increasing global consciousness. Consciousness does not imply consensus, merely a shared sense of the world as a whole.
Second, globalization has a particular form, one which has been, to all intents and purposes, consummated by the founding of the United Nations organization. This means that, like the operations of the UN, globalization is focused upon four points of reference: nation-states; world politics; individuals; and humankind.
Third, globalization is constituted by four major facets of human life – namely, the cultural, the social, the political and the economic. These dimensions are in reality heavily intertwined, one or two aspects being more prominent at any given time or place.
We have also highlighted the importance of not reifying globalization. Globalization is not a thing, not an ‘it’. Recognition of its conceptual status, as opposed to its being an ontological matter, is of prime importance. The very globality of this talk about globalization must surely lead to an appreciation of the impossibility of definitively answering, in an essentialistic way, the question, ‘What is globalization?’ This should not, however, be regarded as an open invitation for a proliferation of narratives of globalization as a matter of course.

 

2. New, interesting or unusual items I learned

I knew more about globalization academically than superficially, and knew the impact on globalization in detail. I have gained a better understanding of the phenomenon of globalization, and I have been able to look at the effects of globalization to individuals, a humankind and a nation-state.
Globalization has a particular form, consummated by the founding of the United Nations organization. Globalization is focused upon four points of reference: nation-states; world politics; individuals; and humankind. Also, globalization is constituted by four major dimensions, the cultural, the social, the political and the economic. These dimensions are in reality heavily intertwined, one or two aspects being more prominent at any given time or place. As I learned the form, the points and the dimensions of globalization, I can analyze global phenomena more academically than before.

 

3. Discussion point

We could easily find globalization’s phenomena in our life. For example, McDonald’s hamburger franchise entered to South Korea. A lot of foreigner workers come to Korea. And we can use I phone which not made in Korea.
Also, we learned about the form, the points and the dimensions of globalization. Using these knowledge, analyze the globalization’s phenomena in our life.

Extra Posting, Tae-yong Lim

Extra posting of lecture(11.28)

Information Sciology

2013052090 Tae-yong Lim

The critics of China-South Korea Free Trade Agreement

 

When the Korea-China FTA came into effect in 2015, Korea's President was Park Geun-hye. The Park administration has been criticized for lack of communication. The biggest criticism is that the Korea-China FTA is not well publicized and understood. At that time, the Korean government made publicity campaigns such as producing public service ads for the Korea-China FTA. On the other hand, we did not disclose information about the FTA provision actively. There are also concerns about Chinese companies' encroachment into the Korean market. In fact, the acquisition of Korean companies by Chinese companies was the best in 2015.

It is also pointed out that since 2016, the THAAD conflict has widened and the real benefits of the Korea-China FTA have disappeared.

 

The benefits of China-South Korea FTA

 

One of the benefits that the Korean government can gain from the Korea - China FTA is tariff elimination. The elimination of tariffs through the Korea-China FTA is expected to be worth more than US $ 5.4 billion per year, exceeding the KORUS FTA and the EU FTA. As China is Korea's largest exporter, it is expected to maximize its effects through FTAs. In particular, medical products and cosmetics are the most popular items in China and are expected to benefit most.

 

W14 Economic Globalization (early submission) / 2012046537 Hyunwoo Shin

Economic Globalization: Corporation

by Peter Dicken

 

Summary

 

As the writer describes the aspects of economic globalization, he clearly points out that the Transnational corporations (TNCs) are, among various entities and elements of globalization, the key concept to look at. According to the author, people’s tendencies to view TNCs as a gigantic organisms that try to overpower governments and exert influences over the boundaries of nation-states are partially wrong. In fact, consequences around TNCs are much more complex that people should understand everything before they judge TNCs as “unstoppable juggernaut” of the ‘global corporation.’ Hence, the writer suggests to better understand what are TNCs in this reading.

To understand TNCs better, we have to see the current state of their scale in the global scene. Basically, to trace back to the origin of the TNC historically, the East India Company and the Hudson’s Bay Company are the very first firms that influenced more than one country in it’s own set of business actions. According to the author, we can define TNCs as ‘a firm which has the power to coordinate and control operations in more than one country, even if it does not own them.’ Expression ‘even if it does not own them’ refer to different forms of investment that TNCs implement abroad, such as foreign direct investment, and portfolio investment. However, it is not perfect assumption, since a few transnational companies operate in such various regions. According to the reading, vast majority of the world’s leading 100 TNCs still retain more than half of their activities in their home country.

We have to understand “why” such business organizations grow up to influence multiple nations and there could be two main reasons why, They are, market oriented investment, and asset oriented investment. People say that as a company expand it’s size, it faces domestic market situation of saturated state. When this happens, companies expand beyond the national boundary for more profit. Also, companies try to give solution for geographical unevenness of natural resources by exporting, and for human resources by utilizing labour forces in other nations.

How TNCs process the internationalization of its influence is also important. TNCs mainly practice foreign direct investment to expand to multinational level and there are two main ways that they do so. The first is by greenfield investment. A growing TNC can build its production plants in the overseas nation for local market distribution of it’s goods. Nissan, Toyota, and Honda plants in America is a good example of the greenfield investment. Second is merging and acquisition(M&A). By M&A a big company can own a local company in similar market. This can let the TNC to easily expand into overseas market, since it can efficiently act out by the norms of local market. However, recent trend among TNCs to exercise the expansion over the national boundary is strategic collaboration with other TNCs. By doing so, TNCs can share strategies and information for their business process in certain local market without spending money and effort to merge small companies.

Although TNC sounds like a big giant multinational corporation, that can’t be defined by certain national characteristic, it fundamentally sits on the basic characteristics of the country it originated from. Multinational corporation like Samsung for example, bears it’s Korean characteristics of Confucianism culture such as Chaebol system, which only appear in Korean firms. Therefore, it could be a good indicator for understanding how a certain TNC is going to influence globally. Hence, although most of TNCs has been grown in democratic capitalist base, each have its own characteristics.

Although many companies are classified as a TNCs, looking at the web of their geographic locations of departments can cause a doubt in peoples’ minds about their global influence. Many TNC companies’ do their business and make profits abroad, but such dispersed geographical spread across different political, cultural and social environments is far more difficult to coordinate and control. However, developments in transportation and communications technologies, as well as in production process technologies make the practices possible for TNCs. Nowadays, there are many newly TNCs that emerge in different domestic location, which does not have physical bodies abroad.

Finally, the author stresses the relationship between TNCs and other significant actors in global economy. TNCs are always in a pressure of other global entities coming in their ways. NGOs such as WTO can regulate certain business actions that are conducted across nations for the global order. Also, governments in each nation can also exercise their power as TNCs tend to play over the national boundaries of laws and orders.

In conclusion, thanks to the development in transportation and communications technologies, as well as in production process technologies, the environment for TNCs to grow is better than ever for new TNCs, since the emergence of the very first TNCs, like the East India Company and the Hudson’s Bay Company. However, the influence of TNCs should not be overestimated, and evaluated just by observing them at a glance, since there are many regulatory players that also exist in international scene.

 

 

Interesting points or unusual point I learned

 

As I’m currently interested in the development of technology, especially media technology. It was quite interesting that there are TNCs that are newly born without having some kind of headquarters geographically located abroad. These days, there are many communication companies that offers web platforms, and I guess that they don't need international office to exercise their power. Thanks to the technology that is often referred to 4th industrial revolution, TNCs that offer informational services to customers don’t have to spend such expenses for localizing as in the past. Now that much informations are accumulated in the web that it is a new phase for all the businesses internationally, since there are broader possibilities of business exercises opened to them.

(such TNCs could be Kakao, Line, Facebook, Airbnb, etc.)

 

Discussion point

 

I think that now the technologies are so developed, newly rising TNCs are going to outnumber the quantity of pre-existing global companies, and maybe overpower them. TNCs in the future are going to grow in such short period of time to exercise its power internationally, that I think we have to discuss the international regulations or rules for them. In other words, there should be a moral guideline for international marketing practices.

Extra Posting, Tae-yong Lim

Extra Posting 

Tae-yong Lim

Q. Which are the most important of them? What they do? Are they important? How would you rank them?

I think the first is FAO.

There are still many hunger on the planet. I have also seen articles that the food shortage will be a big problem as the population is soaring. In this situation, FAO will address the most fundamental and important issues of human beings.

The second is UNESCO.

One of the important activities of UNESCO is to educate refugees. There have been many refugees in recent years and aid is being provided. I think that education is indispensable for refugees to live a better life.

W10: Political globalizations - Anna Carel

Political Globalization

Political globalization is related to politics, and therefore power. As a consequence, Political Globalization is the power of the globalization, and defines who detains power and control globalization in the world, who is able to influence globalization, and how globalization has developed a particular power towards politics and changed the way politics are managed in the world.

Many global institutions exist, such as the World Trade Organization, the G20, the United Nations and more. Governments can settle polices like social, environmental, economical programs in order to boost social confidence and innovation in one country or a group of entities.
But, it is important to keep in mind that, as the world is constantly changing, the globalization of politics are uneasy.
This is the reason why, globalization leads innovation and trade in today's society, and therefore, leads politics in the trade area. As global competition grows more intense, every country wants to develop its advantage on the market, and this happens through political rules and tools that are determined according to the global worldwide politics.

For example, political decisions have been made in the tourism sector in order to make it last and develop the economical globalization of countries. Those political decisions are developed in order to strengthen and enfance globalization to an upper level of innovation and technology.

Political Globalization can also be used as a useful tool to make the world a better place to live in, and to make peace lasts between countries. This is, therefore, a significant system and process which leads the world.

This system faces some important issues in politics and relationship between some countries, which weaken the globalization that most of the worldwide powers, and creates obstacles for them. For example, the case of the dictature North Korea is the main political problem in the political area of globalization today.
Anxiety emerges from countries with different political rules, because they are inconsistent with each other.

Those obstacles lead to challenges for the Political Globalization, and we can see how this process deals with them and which solutions are the best, in order to create an hegemony of politics.

Finally, we can also talk about the limits and failure of the political globalization, such as the end of the NAFTA agreement between Canada, United States and Mexico. The end of this economical and political agreement represent a step backwards in the Political Globalization nowadays, those three countries don't represent a unique political force anymore.

The politics of globalization can be mainly improved. Governments have the ability to erase what disturbs the good globalization system in order to develop resources and profits. But those issues take time and need diplomatic process, such as signature of agreements. Collective action is a way to start political globalization, in order to prevent from unstable and risky countries.

W10 Political Globalization / 2012046537 Hyunwoo Shin

Summary

 

Aspects of political globalization can be categorized in three definitive forms. They are, the universalization of democracy structure inherent in democratic countries all around the world, global normative culture such as International Non-Governmental Organizations, and civil societalization.

 

First, universalization of democracy in different countries can simply be defined as geopolitics of global power. As, democracy develops and internationalization gets processed around the world, ideas and capitals move around the world so quickly, that the interrelation between democratic nations has got so important. This series of phenomenon have pushed nations to be more competitive in international economy and politics more than ever. In other words, the author states that ‘the nation-state is an important vehicle for political autonomy, via sovereignty of peoplehood, and democracy is an important badge of membership in a world community of nation-states.’ Also, as different forms of communities form, people might think that it is now the downturn of nation-state and the rise of post-statist world. However, when you see the current society carefully, it rather a coexistence of both. Nowadays, it is impossible for a nation to be independent, whereas, firms and agencies gets even more independent beyond the barrier of a nation.

 

Second, global normative culture. As globalization processes all around the world, there has been a common discourses among all the parts. Thanks to the development of communication and transformation, global normative culture are not confined to certain geographical area anymore, like geopolitics. Examples of global normative culture can be interest in human rights or environmental concerns, since it is not problems that only a certain people in geographical area have. Nowadays, there are (INGOs) International Non-Governmental Organizations that handle these problems, such as Green Peace, UNICEF, WWF .etc, having much influence among nation-states. Thus, it means that political struggles and legitimation are ever more connected in this globalization era.

 

Third, polycentric civil societalization. Nowadays, with the latest communication technologies with internet, everyone can participate in discussions and get sophisticated informations of any topics. These global civil societies are not limited in one space but scattered around. In which, people of all parts of the world share same political interests through internet. Also, these are globally organized through loosely structured horizontal coalitions and networks of activists. However, this kind of community which exercises their own power with political stances also have some dilemmas, such as laking accountability, democratic credentials and self-appointed spokesperson for the causes they espouse.

 

Overall, all of aspects in political globalization, processes along with the development of technologies in transportation and communications. These developments affects the flow of information therefore, in politics too. Having same governing system makes nation-states easier for them to communicate with each other and have normative cultures and concerns. Firm or organization in a ceratin geographical region can get more power internationally than the originated country. International organizations which deal with moral problems around humans living in earth gets more power as people are more awakened by moral influence of multiple sources. Lastly, people living in different countries can gather up in imaginary space such as internet and influence with their thoughts.

 

 

Interesting points or unusual point I learned

 

One interesting point that I have learned through this reading is that, the emergence of new structured forms influence groups does not mean the down turn for the old systemic structures such as governments. This means that, the public influence over citizens by government does not vanish as a result, but gradually fade away. Therefore, the government should compete with new political entities such as INGOs, polycentric civil societies, and firms and corporations.

 

Discussion point

 

I personally have concerns for the polycentric civil societalization. In other words, it is relatively newer form of political entity which have sufficient power, but not stable yet. Since it is not based on certain geographical region, there are no intimacy among members in this kind of entity. Therefore, this entity could lack maturity and moral sense. I guess this kind of political entity could be really dangerous if members of this kind of entities have twisted view of morality.

W10. political globalization / Ji-hyun Lim

2015048922 Lim Ji-hyun

1. Summary

Political globalization is conducted among interdependent organizations and accelerating. Political globalization helps to benefit from active political exchanges by utilizing characteristics of each country. It also helps solve global political problems such as environmental pollution, war, racial discrimination, and religious conflicts. However, the political crisis of one country can adversely affect other countries due to the influence of political globalization. There is also concern that the politics of the world is dominated by some advanced countries. Therefore, we can say that political globalization has double-sided character.
According to this article, political globalization can be understood in three processes: global geopolitics,  global normative culture, polycentric networks
First process is 'global geopolitics'. Each different political culture is rising by democratic nation-state of world. This means the spread of democracy. In the democratic politic, the political globalization has been the basis of ‘new world order(ex. United States)’. It is globalization based on territory and traditional form.
Second process is 'global nomative culture'. This is independent of geopolitics. These global culture rules can give effects to people in the world.  And it is largely legal but diffused in global political communication. Human rights and environmental concerns can be one of the main example of this.  Thanks to the development of communication skills and the globalization of popular culture, political communication has no longer been restricted by borders and has changed globally.
Third process is 'polycentric networks'. Polycentric network has meaning that social network had 'many centre'. This is forms of nonterritorial politics and which cannot be reduced to a single centre. It also related to emerging forms of global governance. And it is related non-territorial politics such as communication and new relationship.
Multifaceted network led this process and this process is associated with a new global governance. Global governance has an influence as an independent entity. This is because global governance has a continuing impact on countries and markets  in the era of political globalization. It is because of the influence of political globalization that social problems exist not in one country but in many countries. Thus, these three processes, which are influenced by political socialization, are not independent of each other and are deeply related.
The power of nation is still powerful. However, due to the development of traffic and communication technology, the whole world is connected to one. As a result, It is hard to control the whole world. As the influence of political globalization becomes more powerful, new forces are trying to dominate the nation state. Some scholars argue that the nation state is absorbed in the global market under the influence of political globalization. Even if globalization deepens, the nation state will not disappear completely. However, the independence of each country is gradually weakening. Transnational organizations will emerge and functional structures will be passed on to these organizations. The separation of nationality and citizenship, and the vagueness of the boundaries between national and international law, is a social change that shows that the nation state is changing in response to globalization. Living in these changes, we need to be aware of the globalization of the world with a sense of global citizenship.

 

2. What is interesting?

As I study various globalizations, I am always interested in the double -sided character of globalization. Most people who do not study carefully about globalization think globalization is always good. However, in order to have the right citizenship in the world in the era of globalization, it is necessary to identify not only the advantages of globalization but also the disadvantages of globalization and efforts to minimize the effects of the disadvantages.
Also, the analysis of plitical globalization in three processes in this article was new and very interesting. I was able to study the globalization in each process in detail thanks to this analysis. I always feel that I have to look at various perspectives from a wide range when I study globalization.

3. Discussion Point

" What is the difference between 'political globalization' and 'economic globalization'? "

 

I read and studied this article and wanted to discuss the difference between 'political globalization' and 'economic globalization'. There will be a reason to classify globalization into political and economic aspects. Of course the boundary may be not clear, but I want to know about the difference between the two aspects and the reason for the classification, and discuss it.

W10 Political Globalization_Joo won il

Information Sociology

2013052131

Joo won il

1. Political Globalization

Globalization is also actively pursued from a political point of view. This view is deeply related to de-nationalism and transnational processes. In the process of political globalization, the concepts of territory, airspace and territorial sea that make up the state disappear. And the concept of state is weakened. Globalization has the potential of liberation from the limits of the word country. On the other hand, it also makes the state lose autonomy and division. When we look at globalization from a political point of view, we can understand it as three processes (global geopolitics, global normative culture, polycentric network).

Most countries are based on democracy system. It is the globalization of the political system. Based on democracy, we can find traditional forms of democracy such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the United Nations system. The ideology is unifying in one. A transnational organization has also emerged that transcends national boundaries. An NGO emerges, replacing what the country can not do. Globalization is also actively taking place in the political sector.

But the country is still strong. The impact of international diplomatic issues or the global policy of the great powers is greater than the impact of NGOs. NGOs have a characteristic of publicity to contribute to society rather than pursuing profit. Countries that pursue efficiency and profit also have economic implications. Therefore, the power of the state itself is still strong.

2. The country does not disappear.

I felt fresh that the country still had a mighty force. Globalization has become more active over time, and the time has come to ignore the influence of transnational organizations, not nations. Yet it is clear that the state is still a strong player in globalization, especially in political globalization. However, it can not be said that the existence of the state is bad and the supranational organization is good. Even if it is a citizen of the world, the fact that it is a member of the state can never change.

3. Trump and French terrorism.

Globalization is actively taking place, but there is a new wind in the political aspect. The global policies of the world powers have begun to have a conservative character. Trump, the world 's greatest power, is trying to run the country with policies for the United States only. In addition, as IS terrorism frequently occurred in France, the public began to skeptical about the policy of opening the culture. The world is now very cautious about global politics. I can not help but agree that unconditional opening and globalization have an adverse effect on their own country. Unlike what we have learned, paradigm is a national priority. What will be the future of political globalization in the future?

W10. Political Globalization / Jeong Myung Hee

2015048540 Jeong Myunghee

1. Summary

1)    The transformation of the public sphere and communication

    According to this part, communication is central to politics. And the global is not
    outside the social world but is inside it in numerous ways. So, it is possible to see political communication in the public sphere as increasingly framed by global issues. And it is different from global geopolitics.

2)    The centrality of civil society

    Below paragraphs are associated with the changing relationships between state, society and the individual. This part is about emerging reality of global civil society is necessary to give consideration to a related development which we can term the ‘civil societalization’ of politics. Global civil society holds the promise of resolving contradictory tendencies, which have become central to the experience globality.

3)    The transformation of spaces and borders

    There is the relationship between globalization and new political spaces and borders revolves around two key spatial dynamics. The first is associated with the work of Castells. He said the space of flows to social practices without geographical contiguity. And the second dynamic is best represented by beck’s idea of cosmopolitanization or globalization from within societies. He said nature of state and society is undergoing change as a result of globalization. And the globe can be experienced as a sing political space which can be the focus of political attachments and identities.

2.     Interesting points.

    I felt difficult when I first saw the title ‘political globalization’. And next, I guessed that it is associated with spreads of political system such as democracy or parliamentary politics. But there are multidimensional norms for it. The most interesting part for me is the last one ‘the transformation of spaces and borders’. After I read that part, I realized that have put globalization before politics during reminding ‘globalization’. However, I learned that can see nature of state and society is undergoing change as a result of globalization by the writing.

3.     Discussion points

     After I read it, I have some curious things. Is political globalization gives us advantages than disadvantages? It can make problems by spreading ideology, system of law and so on.

W10 Political Globalization / Na Jieun

1. Summary

People yearn for democracy globally. But democracy is distrusted because of elitist, authoritarian and others at the same time. And globalization tie the world by cosmopolitan norms and works to individuate and fragment simultaneously. Last, globalization makes a chance for autonomy but at the same time makes instabilities. In other words, globalization has two sides. New conflicts are coming up because of political globalization. For example, there are the right to difference, individual versus community, liberal democracy versus cosmopolitan.

2. An interesting item learned

I could think about the conception of the space and border once more. We can go anywhere on the Internet due to the the advancement in information technology. We can form new community beyond national border. I take borderless world for granted until now. But conceptualization of globalization with space and border was interesting. The most memorable word is 'spatial turn'. It is the process where social space is constructed and the way space is constitutive of social and political relations.  I can rethink space and borders in the global society.

3.Discussion of globalization
 
As we go into 2000's,  globalization has led to the opening of markets in agricultural products, education, services and so on. While globalization has a positive effect of breaking down the world border, it causes negative effects such as an increase in disparity in wealth and an increase in instability in many ways. In addition, local culture can be exterminated by globalization. How are we supposed to take globalization with double-sideness?

W10. Political Globalization / Dong-Joon, Yoo

information sociology

2012047886 Dong-Joon, Yoo

1. Summarize

Globalization refers to a multi-dimensional concept transcending space and time beyond time. The political globalization in this chapter can be understood as a tension between the three stages of the complex world politics: global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks. Thus, the political globalization here aims to deal with relational dynamics rather than establishing a new concept.

The first dimension of political globalization is the geopolitics of global power. Currently, the most pervasive political globalization is based on parliamentary democracy. It takes traditional forms as well as constituting a new kind of global geopolitics. Despite the rise of the United States as a global power, the United States will not be able to establish global supremacy and will be challenged by many centres of power. 

A second dimension of political globalization refers to the rise of a global normative culture. This is independent of geopolitics and is largely legal but diffused in global political communication. One of the main examples is human rights. 현재 political communication is now also global in scope, no longer confined to national borders. Associated with the global diffusion of democracy, political

communication has become the basis of a global normative culture. 

The last dimension of political globalization is polycentric networks. These networks refer to multiple forms of nonterritorial politics which emanate from a multiplicity of sites and which cannot be reduced to a single centre. These processes of political globalization are associated with networks and flows, new sources of mobility and communication, and represent new relationships between the individual, state and society.

The three dynamics of political globalization will be shown around four examples of social transformation: the transformation of nationality and citizenship, the public sphere and political communication, civil society, and space and borders.

The first one is the transformation of nationality and citizenship. States continue to be powerful actors but exist in a more globally connected world that they do not fully control. According to Susan Strange, in the most well-known formulation of this position, states have been usurped by global markets. The result is that states have to share sovereignty with other global players. 

The second one is the transformation of the public sphere and communication. Political globalization is most visible in terms of changes in political communication and in the wider transformation of the public sphere.

The third one is the centrality of civil society. The idea of civil society is central to understanding the relationships of political globalization. In global civil society, the civil societalization is important. The centrality of global civil society to political globalization inheres in its location at the confluence of processes leading to the construction of mechanisms of polycentric governance and the emergence of transnational movements and networks which are working to erode more territorial organizational forms.

The last one is the transformation of spaces and borders. One important consequence of this shift to spaces of flows is that mobility is increasingly seen as independent of space. 

2. New, interesting or unusual items I learned

There are dilemmas to which complex relationships give rise and the implications for the tension between autonomy and fragmentation. 

The first dilemma is about democracy. Democracy is both universally desired and universally distrusted; for being elitist, authoritarian, formal rather than substantive, imported and inauthentic etc. Currently, the most prevalent politics is liberal democracy, which can serve as an ideology for elites. It is inefficient to overcome economic hardship or resolve unfair distribution of wealth. Also, it can be used as an ideology that works in favor of elites or powerful people in terms of decision-making and enforcement of policies.

The second dilemma is about global normative culture. It can lead to the possibility of new communities of fate from the perceived dangers of ‘world risk society’ mentioned by Ulrich Beck.

The last dilemma is about polycentric networks. Polycentric networks create new opportunities for autonomy and the recognition of a range of new actors and new modes of governance, but, at the same time, can create new instabilities and dangers.

3. Discuss point

Modern democracy is a form of representation system. Politicians in the parliament decide on behalf of the public. The conflicting concept of representation system is direct democracy. In this direct democracy, people directly participate in politics under direct democracy and direct participation. Although the liberal system looks similar to elitism, it can be included in democracies in terms of finding the basis source for power from the public.

The strength of democracy lies in the vote. Citizens can make decisions directly based on their own interests. Thus, the act of voting can accurately reflect individual opinions.

Disadvantages can appear in the rise of dictator, which is elected by the election. Unenlightened citizens are easily sympathetic to the words of a few eloquent speakers, and the few fluent eloquence of the speaker can represent power by becoming representative of the public. Hitler is the example. Also, politics can be decided by a majority. Minority can be ignored because the decision is decided by majority.

I wonder what you think of this idea.

W10 Political Globalization // Sungmin Shin

    The author said we can understand political globalization as a tension between global geopolitics, global normative culture, and polycentric networks. He gave us an example about U.S. to explain why he choose geopolitics as the first dimension of political globalization. About global normative, he claimed global normative culture is getting bigger. This mean norms covering global is spreading to the bigger world. In this circumstance political issues and legitimation in a single country are ever more connected to global issues. The last dimension he argued is polycentric networks. This process is associated with emerging forms of global governance. In this process, civil society can say what they want to say to global world through global association such as United Nations. 

    The forms of nation-state have been changed because of economic globalizaion and world's new orders. At this part, we need to see differently with states and nation-states. This made the boundaries between domestic and international law be blurred. This kind of erosion of sovereignty has made a huge impact on nationality. In this way, we could see nationhood and statehood got new tension. Political globalization can be seen in changes such as democratization of the world, creation of the global civil society and moving beyond the centrality of the nation-state, particularly as the sole actor in the field of politics.

    Nation-States have been based on centralized system of communication. Until now, public space was not wide as much as now we got. Political globalization is most visible in terms of changes in political communication and in the wider transformation of the public sphere.
   
    Political globalization has made a new set of tension. Previous conflicts was centered on class division, state vs  civil society and other local issues. But now, there are new conflicts by globalization. We need to see through this.

W10 Political Globalization_Lee Da kyeong

Political Globalization

Information Sociology

2015048859

Lee Da kyeong

1. Summary

Political globalization is an approach to the social world that emphasizes de-nationalism. The forces of the world have created other kinds of politics, such as the decline of the nation state and the development of a multinational network. On the contrary, there was a process of re-territorialization and territorialization out of territory. The political globalization process is a possibility of liberation for somebody, but it loses autonomy for somebody. Political globalization can be thought of as the tension between the three processes that interact to produce a complex political field.

 

The first context of political globalization is global geopolitics. Democracies in many parts of the world now have different forms.

 

The second is the world normative culture. This means political communication, including human rights and other environmental issues. Due to the globalization of communication and popular culture, political communication has changed globally.

 

These changes are due to multinational networks and are related to global governance. At present, the concept of civil society is controversial, but civil society has a political influence on the state and the market. It is organized around the world including NGOs and engages in social movements. Civil society exists not in one space but in various spaces. These three aspects are not independent of each other, but are closely related.

 

The country is still powerful, but the world is connected and there is no full control. Some scholars think the state is being absorbed into the world market. The nation-state will not disappear, but it is weakening functionally. The nation is changing in response to globalization. The separation of nationality and citizenship has been influenced by culture and the boundaries between domestic and international law have dimmed. Rather, integration can be seen as a delay in the emergence of a new nationalist movement.

2. Interesting Point

As globalization progressed, politics became globalized. Politics followed the flow of the world. Now the state can not exist only as a state, but the power of the state is weakening. This part was very interesting. As some scholars have argued, countries are being absorbed into the global market. I can not deny this point. As the world market flows and changes, the state must go according to the flow.

3. Discuss Point

So, who changes the flow of this global market? It is true that the state follows the flow of the world, but is it not the state that makes such a flow of the world? I would like to discuss this point.

W10. Political Globalization / KIM MINA

Globalization means space and time that crosses multidimensional, accelerated, interconnected borders. In particular, this text implies an approach to society that emphasizes the transnational process of de-nationalism. Political globalization can be understood as a tension between geopolitics, world norm culture, and a multi-centric network. One of the most common forms of political globalization is the worldwide spread of democracy based on the parliamentary state system. It is one of the types of globalization based on territory and is limited to the political form of the nation state. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union since 1991 and the end of the European Communist regime, democracy has been universally accepted. This democracy became the basis of the 'New World Order', which is related to the US global hegemony and the legalization of world wars. This is the geopolitics of world power.
The second is the emergence of world normative culture. It is distributed to legitimate and global political communication. It is also called 'human rights' and includes global environmental issues. The current world normative culture provides normative reference points for the state and directions for politicians. The third is a pluralistic network. It is a form of non-national politics that originates from multiple sites and can not be reduced to a single center. The process of political globalization is related to networks, flows, new mobility and sources of communication, and represents new relationships between individuals, countries and society. This is related to a new form of global governance.

Sovereignty does not lead to the loss of autonomy. The transnationalization of European countries is not the creation of a new national system that challenges the nation state, but regulatory domination. Drug addiction, vocational training, racism, and aviation safety. These functions are simply carried out at the transnational level through cooperation with other countries. The national state does not disappear, but it transforms itself as the functional component of the transnational organization and the main agent of world capitalism. In other words, globalization makes it impossible to reestablish the state surrounding global capitalism and to make the state independent. It is a change of state rather than the end. It is clear that the state is changing in response to globalization. Each country has the flexibility to cope with globalization more than the country, and globalization has affected the enormous pressure on the nation state, the relationship between the political community and legitimate violence. The transnational integration of the state in the European Union countries undermines the national state and leads to the emergence of a new nationalist movement. Here the state is partly transnational, and the nations abandoned by the state take on new forms and can often be improved by globalization. For example, in 2005 the French voters rejected the European Constitution. In other words, another dimension to the global change of the nation state is the rise of transnational politics.

The state is based on a centralized communication system, such as replicated and justified pop culture. While global disputes over public domain issues continue to be transnational spaces, more importantly, global public discourse emerges rather than a spatially defined reality rather than a representation of discourse. Today it is the domain of discourse that contextualizes political communication and popular discourse. The role of the public in this field is affirmed by the importance attached to the public domain and having an international dimension. Here, the global public has great resonance in all communications in the sense that it constitutes and contextualizes public discourse such as human rights, environment, and health. In terms of the three conceptualizations of globalization, it can be suggested that the world normative culture plays a leading role in forming political communication.

Global civil society aims to solve the contradictory tendencies that have become central to the experience of globalization. The first is the relationship between homogeneity of globalization and emphasis and respect for difference. Second, it is a contradiction within the individual power of globalization represented by the new global community, network politics, and collective identity. Globalization of civil society also follows patterns such as democracy, nationality and citizenship. Globalization has made territorial norms and practices universalized. In this process, as the transnational connectivity of social activists and networks increased, efforts were made to remove borders from civil society activities. The territory here is based on a political virtual world.

In the end, political rebalancing as a result of globalization makes a great reevaluation of the role and meaning of the construction of politics, borders, and space. Democracy is an important member of the world community of the nation state.


It was interesting that the supranationalism of European countries could be called regulatory domination, not the creation of a new national system to challenge the nation-state. In fact, it was thought that the emergence of a European state was the creation of a national system. Reading the text shows that regulation in the European Union is one of the dominant parts of society, I was interested in.

Can globalization impose a duty on democracy to 'globalization'? Also, how should opposition to the transnational forms of democratic states in transnational domination be accepted in globalization?

W10. Political Globalization/ Yun Hui Shim

Political Globalization

Globalization is seen as an irreversible trend, given the evolution and speed of science and technology. With the development of information technology, transportation and transportation, the world is getting smaller and the meaning of the border is blurring. Many people buy goods and services through various scientific systems and devices in the global market, trading goods and services, and trading on capital and labor.

 

The most important factor in political globalization is that political communication is now global communication and popular communication. These are no longer confined to borders. National politics, however, are gradually stuck in terms of global discourse.

 

At one time, the state was the main agent of the world norm, but today the normative culture of the world exists beyond the national system and is in tense with the state.

According to Robinson (2001), a transnational state emerged. It is multi-layered and pluralistic. They are linked together at the transnational level of inter-national functions.

 

Today, the two most powerful actors in the world are the United States and China. When this article was written, the European Union was enlarged to improve national security and to exert strong force in the movement of the world.

But the political atmosphere in the real world is quite different. Today, there are many people who are uncomfortable with the movement of capital, people, and technology, which are the key drivers of globalization. They do not want further integration and do not believe that globalization is a benefit for everyone.

 

In the global financial crisis in 2008, complaints and criticism were expressed in earnest in the wake of the global financial crisis. This is for Britain (eu) the EU last year, its withdrawal from the protectionism and its preferred stock, and Donald Trump is at the United States are elected as president Became.

 

The British economist Stephen King said, " The development and decline of politics and the establishment of the economy, and the development and ebb and flow of the world's financial system, creating the world's financial system and the world's financial system, are also contributing to globalization. “

 

" If the existing ideas are weakened and the institutional infrastructure collapses, no new technology can be solved in a heap of new technology, " he says.

 

The globalization of the western world has reached the limit of the world's globalization, coupled with opposition from emerging economies, political movements against globalization, and the relative decline in the U.S. economy.

Although the world's economic pie has grown, there were few people who were concerned about distribution, and neglected to deal with conflicts arising from global economic integration and the sovereignty of individual states.

Even in countries where inequality of living standards has not actually deteriorated, globalization is not a good thing for all of us.

 

 Reading an article and interesting news is the fact that the world is growing globally. It was amazing that certain actions in the country had certain rules that should be influenced by other countries rather than relying on the state. North Korea conducted nuclear tests since about 10 or to expel North Korean Embassy in the country in more than ‘Trump’ president in Asia like a visit of the country.The specific actions are affected in other countries that take place.

 

Then there was a question. I am constantly focused on deglobalization. It feels like globalization is happening, but isn't it going back to the past before globalization?

 

 

 

A reference book : A gloomy New World

 

 

 source : google books