W10. Political Globalization
Information Sociology
2013052090 Lim Tae-yong
1.
Summary
This article first presents three processes
of political globalization: global geopolitics, global normative culture, and
polycentric networks. And four examples of social transformation due to
political globalization: transformation of nationality and citizenship, the
social sphere and political communication, civil society, and space and
borders.
The meaning of globalization used in this
article is multidimensional, the organization of space and time crossing
interconnected borders. In particular, it emphasizes democratic and
transnational processes in relation to political globalization. Political
globalization can be a potential for new liberation, while for some it leads to
the loss of autonomy and division of society. The author's chosen political
globalization approach emphasizes the diversity of globalization. Political
globalization can be understood as the interaction between global geopolitics,
global normative culture, and polycentric networks.
The first process of political globalization
is global geopolitics. The most universal form of political globalization is
the proliferation of democracy around the world based on the parliamentary
state system. It is based on territory and is mainly confined to the political
form of the nation state. Democratic countries in many parts of the world have
created very different kinds of political culture. The global spread of
democratic politics has caused the invasion of the Gulf, Afghanistan and Iraq
in conflict with US hegemony. The United States will not be able to establish
world-class power, and will be challenged by numerous states.
The second process of political
globalization is global normative culture. It is irrelevant to geopolitics and
focuses on human rights and environmental issues. It is also a dimension of
globalization, not the West. Political communication is no longer limited to
the border, but it has become the basis of a global normative culture. Although
the state was a major force in world norms, global normative culture now exists
beyond the state and is in a tense relationship with the state. As John Meyer
and his colleagues say, it is the first global culture to provide a framework
for all societies in history.
The final process is polycentric networks.
This comes from a number of sites and is a form of non-national politics that
can not be reduced to a single center. This process is a source of network and
flow. It also represents a new relationship between individuals, nations, and
society. Polycentric networks are associated with a new form of global
governance. While the world political order represented by the UN is mainly
based on the state, it can be related to the concept of global civil society.
The concept of civil society is
controversial, but it now refers to the political realm between countries and
markets in which informal politics takes place. It is a new territory different
from the state, the government, and is independent of world capitalism. Global
civil society has been centered around various grassroots organizations and
social movements. The characteristic of global civil society is that there is a
lot of space. It is pluralistic and does not have a single principle.
The author emphasizes that the above three
concepts do not exist separately. Everything is the product of globalization
and is related to each other. These three concepts are examined by four
examples of social transformation: transformation of nationality and
citizenship, the public sphere and political communication, civil society, and
space and borders.
The separation of nationality and
citizenship is due to global normative culture. This has blurred the boundaries
between domestic and international law. In particular, it is becoming
increasingly difficult for EU countries to resist international law, and
migrants can appeal directly to international law. Citizenship rights do not
fully reflect the rights of citizenship. Many countries are now formed by
globalization. As Sakia Sassen said, another dimension to the global
transformation of the nation state is the rise of transnational politics. The
public sphere and political communication are changing. Communication is the
center of politics. The public domain controlled by the state is the domain of
communication and the place of politics. Harbermas noted that there is a global
public sphere composed of non-Western public sphere, global civil society and
international trends. While the debate over the global public sphere continues
into the transnational space, more importantly, the emergence of public
discourse. The role of the public in the world is in the public domain and
international level. The global mass constitutes public discourse such as human
rights, environment, health and safety. Political communication can be seen in
the public domain framed by global problems. Global normative culture plays a
role in political communication.
The key to understanding the above is the
concept of civil society. Civil society is the beginning of globalization from
below. Governance practices are spreading in politics, and social movements and
grassroots politics are gradually increasing beyond the national system and
borders. The civil socialization of politics means the commonality of political
forms at the transnational level and mobilize various actors (competitiveness,
sustainability, human rights, social rights) surrounding common political
norms. Global civil society tries to solve the contradiction of globalization. .
The first contradiction is that between the tendency of globalization to homogenize
and the increasing emphasis on and respect for difference. The second is the
contradiction within the individuating power of globalization, which works to
fragment, while at the same time allowing for the construction of new types of
autonomy represented by new communities of interest, networked polities and
collective identities. Civil society addresses a wide range of political
activities within the state and national systems. In order for civil society to
become popular and important, democratic pluralism should be combined with
national regulations and guidelines.
The process of globalization has called
transformation of spaces and borders. The power of a global process that
transcends borders paradoxically wants to put the world into our hands. Changes
in space in political globalization and globalization seem natural. But there
are regional, national, transnational and global interpretations. Beyond
national plans, we must rethink the space and the borders in the global
knowledge economy and network society.
Awareness of the possibility of
transformation of globalization encouraged the transformation of social and
political science into space. This means that there is a growing interest in
the process of forming a social space. The relationship between globalization
and new political spaces and borders is related to the study of Castelles
(2000a). In the study of Castelles, the advent of network society means the
decline of industry conference, all societies depend on the space of flow, and
the industrial society depends on space of space.
2.
What was interesting?
I recently learned about the "third
sector". It is also used as a concept to refer to a special corporation
established by investing capital jointly by public and private companies, and
also as a concept of NGO (nongovernmental organization). This article
emphasizes the importance of INGO and civil society. They occupy their own
'space' through network-based politics. It was interesting that the development
of politics was the rise of citizens' power.
3.
Discussion Point
In this article, Susan Strange argues that
countries have been led by global markets. The EU is also making the nation
nationalistic. This was clearly seen through Brexit. So how is a transnational
"state" possible? In addition to the growth of civil society within
the framework of the nation state, I wonder if one day I will break the frame
of the state.
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