Political
globalization can be understood as tension between three interactive processes:
global geographic, global normative culture and polycentric networks.
First
process of political globalization is global geographic. Countries around the
world establish political foundation based on democracy but progressed in their
own political culture. Democratic politics is the based of so called “New World
Order”. The United State of America became the supremacy around the world but
they can be the dominance of the world, because they will keep challenged by
many centre of the world, like democracy. It mean, global geographic can be
understood as the geopolitics of global power.
The
second is the rise of a global normative culture. The core of global normative
culture is represented as the human rights, which is on the centre of a global
cosmopolitanism but also including multinational environmental concerns. This dimension
is no longer problems in each country’s own boundary, it across around borders.
It provides normative reference points for states and an orientation for
political actors. John Meyer’s article claims that global culture provides a
frame of reference for all societies. It refers that political struggles and
legitimations are more interactive with global issues, in counterpublic as well
as states will be shaped by it.
Last
one is poly-centric networks. It is relatively less related to states and which
is not reducible to global normative culture. It is deterritorialization of
politics which emerge from a multiplicity of sites and which cannot be reduced
to a single centre. Poly-centric networks are closely relative with emanate idea
of global governance. These allow us to talk about the global political order
in relation to the concept of global civil society.
Political
globalization can be examined through four cases: the transformation of
nationality and citizenship/the public sphere and political communication, the
centrality of civil society, and the transformation of space and borders.
First
one is the transformation of nationality and citizenship. In the flow of
globalization, the government in nation-state was becoming more powerful doer
but they never control everything perfectly. It means it is less easily defined
in terms of territory or of political community. So they try to more flexible
in responding to globalization. In a nut shell, nationality and citizenship is
in decoupling process. The political community no longer exercise sovereignty
over the state and the state lost most of their sovereignty.
Second,
the transformation of the public sphere and communication, it means the concept
of the communication about politics is no longer based on each nation’s own boundary
but they are central to global. Back then politics are about communication in
national public sphere. But now the new public sphere has moved into a wider
view of the public sphere as cosmopolitan and global public spheres constituted
by global civil society and cosmopolitan trends. It is represented by the entrance
of a global public discourse, which is less a spatial than a manifestation of
discourse.
The
third case is the centrality of civil society. Civil society’s societalization
means the making of common things of political forms at the regional, global,
national and transnational levels. Civil society treat the contradictory trends
of globalization with dealing with a broad global political issues. This tendency
incline to centralization of global civil society. And global civil society is
not only the combine of each existing national society.
Last
one is the transformation of space and borders. The power of globalization destroy
the concept of space and borders. For now, the space is not only just existing
but a component of society and political relations. And through the
globalization, the border-less world is become realization.
2. Interesting points
For
now, we cannot be realized as a members of a small society (like each
national/state society). Our thoughts and actions should not be end in a
microscopic dimension, as the global citizen, we must be thought of in a larger
concept. It is interesting that Globalization has conquered such as space and
borders, but on the other hand, they make our lives more complexly such as
global political issues.
3. Discussion points
Let’s
think about county like North Korea. Their citizens are closed to global by the
state. They take for granted selfish policy for their own country. If North
Korea is suddenly perished, then the citizens suddenly be exposed global
society too. We were able to adapt naturally to global society and we can
understand that our policy and public opinion are not merely for us but
nationally, but they -North Korean citizen- were not. Can they suddenly make
their actions or thoughts global? Not nationally selfish?
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